C# 模式匹配表達式（對於開發者的運行原理）

object greeting = "Iron Software is Awesome!";
if (greeting is string message)
{
    Console.WriteLine(message.ToLower());  // output: iron software is awesome!
}

Dim greeting As Object = "Iron Software is Awesome!"
Dim tempVar As Boolean = TypeOf greeting Is String
Dim message As String = If(tempVar, DirectCast(greeting, String), Nothing)
If tempVar Then
	Console.WriteLine(message.ToLower()) ' output: iron software is awesome!
End If

int? nullableX = 8;
int y = 45;
object boxedy = y;
if (nullableX is int a && boxedy is int b)
{
    Console.WriteLine(a + b);  // output: 53
}

Dim nullableX? As Integer = 8
Dim y As Integer = 45
Dim boxedy As Object = y
Dim tempVar As Boolean = TypeOf boxedy Is Integer
Dim b As Integer = If(tempVar, DirectCast(boxedy, Integer), Nothing)
Dim tempVar2 As Boolean = TypeOf nullableX Is Integer
Dim a As Integer = If(tempVar2, CInt(nullableX), Nothing)
If tempVar2 AndAlso tempVar Then
	Console.WriteLine(a + b) ' output: 53
End If

public static decimal CalculateToll(Vehicle vehicle) => vehicle switch
{
    Bus _ => 4.00m,
    Motor _ => 8.50m,
    null => throw new ArgumentNullException(nameof(vehicle)),
    _ => throw new ArgumentException("Unknown type of a vehicle", nameof(vehicle)),
};

'INSTANT VB TODO TASK: The following 'switch expression' was not converted by Instant VB:
'public static decimal CalculateToll(Vehicle vehicle) => vehicle switch
'{
'	Bus _ => 4.00m,
'	Motor _ => 8.50m,
'	null => throw new ArgumentNullException(nameof(vehicle)),
'	_ => throw new ArgumentException("Unknown type of a vehicle", nameof(vehicle)),
'};

if (inputVal is not null)
{
    // ...
}

If inputVal IsNot Nothing Then
	' ...
End If

public static decimal GetGroupTicketPrice(int visitorCount) => visitorCount switch
{
    1 => 2.0m,
    2 => 10.0m,
    3 => 25.0m,
    4 => 60.0m,
    0 => 0.0m,
    _ => throw new ArgumentException($"Not supported number of visitors: {visitorCount}", nameof(visitorCount)),
};

Dim tempVar As Decimal
Select Case visitorCount
	Case 1
		tempVar = 2.0D
	Case 2
		tempVar = 10.0D
	Case 3
		tempVar = 25.0D
	Case 4
		tempVar = 60.0D
	Case 0
		tempVar = 0.0D
	Case Else
'INSTANT VB TODO TASK: Throw expressions are not converted by Instant VB:
'ORIGINAL LINE: tempVar = throw new ArgumentException(string.Format("Not supported number of visitors: {0}", visitorCount), nameof(visitorCount));
		tempVar = throw New ArgumentException($"Not supported number of visitors: {visitorCount}", NameOf(visitorCount))
End Select
'INSTANT VB TODO TASK: Local functions are not converted by Instant VB:
'public static decimal GetGroupTicketPrice(int visitorCount)
'{
'	Return tempVar;
'}

if (inputVal is null)
{
    return;
}

If inputVal Is Nothing Then
	Return
End If

if (inputVal is not null)
{
    // ...
}

If inputVal IsNot Nothing Then
	' ...
End If

Console.WriteLine(Classify(20));  // output: Too high
Console.WriteLine(Classify(double.NaN));  // output: Unknown
Console.WriteLine(Classify(4));  // output: Acceptable

static string Classify(double measurement) => measurement switch
{
    < -4.0 => "Too low",
    > 10.0 => "Too high",
    double.NaN => "Unknown",
    _ => "Acceptable",
};

Console.WriteLine(Classify(20)) ' output: Too high
Console.WriteLine(Classify(Double.NaN)) ' output: Unknown
Console.WriteLine(Classify(4)) ' output: Acceptable

'INSTANT VB TODO TASK: The following 'switch expression' was not converted by Instant VB:
'static string Classify(double measurement) => measurement switch
'{
'	< -4.0 => "Too low",
'	> 10.0 => "Too high",
'	double.NaN => "Unknown",
'	_ => "Acceptable",
'};

Console.WriteLine(GetCalendarSeason(new DateTime(2024, 3, 12)));  // output: spring
Console.WriteLine(GetCalendarSeason(new DateTime(2024, 7, 12)));  // output: summer
Console.WriteLine(GetCalendarSeason(new DateTime(2024, 2, 12)));  // output: winter

static string GetCalendarSeason(DateTime date) => date.Month switch
{
    >= 3 and < 6 => "spring",
    >= 6 and < 9 => "summer",
    >= 9 and < 12 => "autumn",
    12 or (>= 1 and <3) => "winter",
    _ => throw new ArgumentOutOfRangeException(nameof(date), $"Date with unexpected month: {date.Month}."),
};

Console.WriteLine(GetCalendarSeason(New DateTime(2024, 3, 12))) ' output: spring
Console.WriteLine(GetCalendarSeason(New DateTime(2024, 7, 12))) ' output: summer
Console.WriteLine(GetCalendarSeason(New DateTime(2024, 2, 12))) ' output: winter

'INSTANT VB TODO TASK: The following 'switch expression' was not converted by Instant VB:
'static string GetCalendarSeason(DateTime date) => date.Month switch
'{
'	>= 3 and < 6 => "spring",
'	>= 6 and < 9 => "summer",
'	>= 9 and < 12 => "autumn",
'	12 or (>= 1 and <3) => "winter",
'	_ => throw new ArgumentOutOfRangeException(nameof(date), $"Date with unexpected month: {date.Month}."),
'};

Console.WriteLine(GetDiscountInPercent(DayOfWeek.Friday));  // output: 5.0
Console.WriteLine(GetDiscountInPercent(null));  // output: 0.0
Console.WriteLine(GetDiscountInPercent((DayOfWeek)10));  // output: 0.0

static decimal GetDiscountInPercent(DayOfWeek? dayOfWeek) => dayOfWeek switch
{
    DayOfWeek.Monday => 0.5m,
    DayOfWeek.Tuesday => 12.5m,
    DayOfWeek.Wednesday => 7.5m,
    DayOfWeek.Thursday => 12.5m,
    DayOfWeek.Friday => 5.0m,
    DayOfWeek.Saturday => 2.5m,
    DayOfWeek.Sunday => 2.0m,
    _ => 0.0m,
};

Console.WriteLine(GetDiscountInPercent(DayOfWeek.Friday)) ' output: 5.0
Console.WriteLine(GetDiscountInPercent(Nothing)) ' output: 0.0
Console.WriteLine(GetDiscountInPercent(CType(10, DayOfWeek))) ' output: 0.0

Dim tempVar As Decimal
Select Case dayOfWeek
	Case DayOfWeek.Monday
		tempVar = 0.5D
	Case DayOfWeek.Tuesday
		tempVar = 12.5D
	Case DayOfWeek.Wednesday
		tempVar = 7.5D
	Case DayOfWeek.Thursday
		tempVar = 12.5D
	Case DayOfWeek.Friday
		tempVar = 5.0D
	Case DayOfWeek.Saturday
		tempVar = 2.5D
	Case DayOfWeek.Sunday
		tempVar = 2.0D
	Case Else
		tempVar = 0.0D
End Select
'INSTANT VB TODO TASK: Local functions are not converted by Instant VB:
'static decimal GetDiscountInPercent(System.Nullable(Of DayOfWeek) dayOfWeek)
'{
'	Return tempVar;
'}

static bool IsConferenceDay(DateTime date) => date is { Year: 2020, Month: 5, Day: 19 or 20 or 21 };

Shared Function IsConferenceDay(ByVal [date] As DateTime) As Boolean
'INSTANT VB TODO TASK: The following 'is' operator pattern is not converted by Instant VB:
	Return [date] is { Year: 2020, Month: 5, Day: 19 [or] 20 [or] 21 }
End Function

static string TakeFive(object input) => input switch
{
    string { Length: >= 5 } s => s.Substring(0, 5),
    string s => s,
    ICollection<char> { Count: >= 5 } symbols => new string(symbols.Take(5).ToArray()),
    ICollection<char> symbols => new string(symbols.ToArray()),
    null => throw new ArgumentNullException(nameof(input)),
    _ => throw new ArgumentException("Unsupported input type."),
};

'INSTANT VB TODO TASK: The following 'switch expression' was not converted by Instant VB:
'static string TakeFive(object input) => input switch
'{
'	string { Length: >= 5 } s => s.Substring(0, 5),
'	string s => s,
'	ICollection<char> { Count: >= 5 } symbols => new string(symbols.Take(5).ToArray()),
'	ICollection<char> symbols => new string(symbols.ToArray()),
'	null => throw new ArgumentNullException(nameof(input)),
'	_ => throw new ArgumentException("Unsupported input type."),
'};

public readonly struct Point
{
    public int X { get; }
    public int Y { get; }
    public Point(int x, int y) => (X, Y) = (x, y);
    public void Deconstruct(out int x, out int y) => (x, y) = (X, Y);
}

static string Classify(Point point) => point switch
{
    (0, 0) => "Origin",
    (1, 0) => "Positive X basis end",
    (0, 1) => "Positive Y basis end",
    _ => "Just a point",
};

'INSTANT VB WARNING: VB has no equivalent to the C# readonly struct:
'ORIGINAL LINE: public readonly struct Point
Public Structure Point
	Public ReadOnly Property X() As Integer
	Public ReadOnly Property Y() As Integer
	Public Sub New(ByVal x As Integer, ByVal y As Integer)
'INSTANT VB TODO TASK: VB has no equivalent to the C# deconstruction assignments:
		(X, Y) = (x, y)
	End Sub
	Public Sub Deconstruct(<System.Runtime.InteropServices.Out()> ByRef x As Integer, <System.Runtime.InteropServices.Out()> ByRef y As Integer)
'INSTANT VB TODO TASK: VB has no equivalent to the C# deconstruction assignments:
		(x, y) = (X, Y)
	End Sub
End Structure

'INSTANT VB TODO TASK: The following 'switch expression' was not converted by Instant VB:
'static string Classify(Point point) => point switch
'{
'	(0, 0) => "Origin",
'	(1, 0) => "Positive X basis end",
'	(0, 1) => "Positive Y basis end",
'	_ => "Just a point",
'};

static bool IsAnyEndOnXAxis(Segment segment) =>
    segment is { Start.Y: 0 } or { End.Y: 0 };

Shared Function IsAnyEndOnXAxis(ByVal segment As Segment) As Boolean
'INSTANT VB TODO TASK: The following 'is' operator pattern is not converted by Instant VB:
	Return segment is { Start.Y: 0 } [or] { [End].Y: 0 }
End Function

static bool IsAcceptable(int id, int absLimit) =>
    SimulateDataFetch(id) is var results 
    && results.Min() >= -absLimit 
    && results.Max() <= absLimit;

static int [] SimulateDataFetch(int id)
{
    var rand = new Random();
    return Enumerable
               .Range(start: 0, count: 5)
               .Select(s => rand.Next(minValue: -10, maxValue: 11))
               .ToArray();
}

Shared Function IsAcceptable(ByVal id As Integer, ByVal absLimit As Integer) As Boolean
	Dim tempVar As Boolean = TypeOf SimulateDataFetch(id) Is var
	Dim results = If(tempVar, CType(SimulateDataFetch(id), var), Nothing)
	Return tempVar AndAlso results.Min() >= -absLimit AndAlso results.Max() <= absLimit
End Function

Shared Function SimulateDataFetch(ByVal id As Integer) As Integer()
	Dim rand = New Random()
	Return Enumerable.Range(start:= 0, count:= 5).Select(Function(s) rand.Next(minValue:= -10, maxValue:= 11)).ToArray()
End Function

public record Point(int X, int Y);

static Point Transform(Point point) => point switch
{
    var (x, y) when x < y => new Point(-x, y),
    var (x, y) when x > y => new Point(x, -y),
    var (x, y) => new Point(x, y),
};

static void TestTransform()
{
    Console.WriteLine(Transform(new Point(1, 2)));  // output: Point { X = -1, Y = 2 }
    Console.WriteLine(Transform(new Point(5, 2)));  // output: Point { X = 5, Y = -2 }
}

'INSTANT VB TODO TASK: C# 'records' are not converted by Instant VB:
'public record Point(int X, int Y)

'INSTANT VB TODO TASK: The following 'switch expression' was not converted by Instant VB:
'static Point Transform(Point point) => point switch
'{
'	var (x, y) when x < y => new Point(-x, y),
'	var (x, y) when x > y => new Point(x, -y),
'	var (x, y) => new Point(x, y),
'};

Shared Sub TestTransform()
	Console.WriteLine(Transform(New Point(1, 2))) ' output: Point { X = -1, Y = 2 }
	Console.WriteLine(Transform(New Point(5, 2))) ' output: Point { X = 5, Y = -2 }
End Sub

# To install from the NuGet Package Manager Console
Install-Package IronPdf

using IronPdf;

namespace IronPatterns
{
    class Program
    {
        static void Main()
        {
            Console.WriteLine("-----------Iron Software-------------");
            var renderer = new ChromePdfRenderer(); // var pattern
            var content = " <h1> Iron Software is Awesome </h1> Made with IronPDF!";

            // Declaration Pattern
            int? nullableX = 8;
            int y = 45;
            object boxedy = y;
            content += "<p>Declaration Pattern</p>";
            if (nullableX is int a && boxedy is int b)
            {
                Console.WriteLine(a + b); // output: 53
                content += $"<p>Output: {(a + b)}</p>";
            }

            // Relational patterns
            content += "<p>Relational patterns</p>";
            var season1 = GetCalendarSeason(new DateTime(2024, 2, 25));
            Console.WriteLine(season1);
            content += $"<p>2024, 2, 25: {season1}</p>";
            var season2 = GetCalendarSeason(new DateTime(2024, 5, 25));
            Console.WriteLine(season2);
            content += $"<p>2024, 5, 25: {season2}</p>";
            var season3 = GetCalendarSeason(new DateTime(2024, 7, 25));
            Console.WriteLine(season3);
            content += $"<p>2024, 7, 25: {season3}</p>";

            var pdf = renderer.RenderHtmlAsPdf(content);
            pdf.SaveAs("output.pdf"); // Saves our PdfDocument object as a PDF        
        }

        static string GetCalendarSeason(DateTime date) => date.Month switch
        {
            >= 3 and < 6 => "spring",
            >= 6 and < 9 => "summer",
            >= 9 and < 12 => "autumn",
            12 or (>= 1 and < 3) => "winter",
            _ => throw new ArgumentOutOfRangeException(nameof(date), $"Date with unexpected month: {date.Month}."),
        };
    }
}

Imports IronPdf

Namespace IronPatterns
	Friend Class Program
		Shared Sub Main()
			Console.WriteLine("-----------Iron Software-------------")
			Dim renderer = New ChromePdfRenderer() ' var pattern
			Dim content = " <h1> Iron Software is Awesome </h1> Made with IronPDF!"

			' Declaration Pattern
			Dim nullableX? As Integer = 8
			Dim y As Integer = 45
			Dim boxedy As Object = y
			content &= "<p>Declaration Pattern</p>"
			Dim tempVar As Boolean = TypeOf boxedy Is Integer
			Dim b As Integer = If(tempVar, DirectCast(boxedy, Integer), Nothing)
			Dim tempVar2 As Boolean = TypeOf nullableX Is Integer
			Dim a As Integer = If(tempVar2, CInt(nullableX), Nothing)
			If tempVar2 AndAlso tempVar Then
				Console.WriteLine(a + b) ' output: 53
				content &= $"<p>Output: {(a + b)}</p>"
			End If

			' Relational patterns
			content &= "<p>Relational patterns</p>"
			Dim season1 = GetCalendarSeason(New DateTime(2024, 2, 25))
			Console.WriteLine(season1)
			content &= $"<p>2024, 2, 25: {season1}</p>"
			Dim season2 = GetCalendarSeason(New DateTime(2024, 5, 25))
			Console.WriteLine(season2)
			content &= $"<p>2024, 5, 25: {season2}</p>"
			Dim season3 = GetCalendarSeason(New DateTime(2024, 7, 25))
			Console.WriteLine(season3)
			content &= $"<p>2024, 7, 25: {season3}</p>"

			Dim pdf = renderer.RenderHtmlAsPdf(content)
			pdf.SaveAs("output.pdf") ' Saves our PdfDocument object as a PDF
		End Sub

'INSTANT VB TODO TASK: The following 'switch expression' was not converted by Instant VB:
'		static string GetCalendarSeason(DateTime date) => date.Month switch
'		{
'			>= 3 and < 6 => "spring",
'			>= 6 and < 9 => "summer",
'			>= 9 and < 12 => "autumn",
'			12 or (>= 1 and < 3) => "winter",
'			_ => throw new ArgumentOutOfRangeException(nameof(date), $"Date with unexpected month: {date.Month}."),
'		};
	End Class
End Namespace

"IronPDF.LicenseKey": "<Your Key>"

'INSTANT VB TODO TASK: The following line uses invalid syntax:
'"IronPDF.LicenseKey": "<Your Key>"